What each kind of piece can claim.
Every piece in our research library carries a label for its kind. The label says how far its claims can reach. If a piece reaches further, that’s an error, and we log it.
Report.
A report answers one question from primary sources, and several add data we gathered ourselves. It may argue and recommend. It must cite a document a reader can open for every factual sentence, mark our views as ours and say what would change them.
In the library: Privacy, Cheap inference, Health records, Prompt injection, Human control, Agentic finance, Model reliability, Private verification, Private AI verification, AI defense, Developer tool attacks, Breach analysis.
Static study.
A static study is work we did on published material without running it. It may count what the material shows and trace each count to a file and line. It must publish its method, its results and the limits of its sample. It can’t describe how the software behaves when it runs, or call anything a vulnerability.
In the library: MCP source study.
Specification.
A specification defines a format or protocol within a stated scope. It may define fields, checks and what a passing check means. It must say what a pass doesn’t mean. It can’t claim that anything deployed uses it.
In the library: Signed agent receipt.
Internal review.
An internal review is our record of checking our own code or format. It may report what the check ran and what it found. It must say whether the code and tests behind it are published. It can’t stand in for a check by someone outside Lugano.
In the library: Receipt verifier.
Experiment designs.
Experiment designs describe the experiments that could prove our reports wrong. They may state hypotheses, cases and what would count against our view. We publish them before any result exists, so they can’t be cited as findings.
In the library: Experiment designs.
Note.
A note is the short version of one full essay. It may restate that essay’s claims in fewer words. It must link to the full essay, which links back. It can’t add a claim the full essay doesn’t make.
None is in the library yet.
What no label allows.
No piece scores or promotes a product of ours. No piece reports a check by a person outside Lugano unless that person is named and has agreed to be.
How we source, check and correct each piece is on How we work, with every correction listed in our corrections log.